I am not sure If that's a foul anywhere else on the pitch.
But even if that's so the rule should ABSOLUTELY change.
It's a SHOT, it's a terminal act, there is nothing Kane could do after that that Dumfries leg stopped
It's common sense, you can totally see it
It's a crude analogy, but it's similar to advantage.
With advantage, if you play on and no advantage happens in the first few seconds, another tug of the shirt or something, it is rightly pulled back for the initial foul. But if play on and lose the ball fairly or fuck it up, then rightly the play isn't pulled back, as you had the advantage and fucked it yourself.
This is similar. Why does Kane get a second go at it after fucking up the shot? I know it's not a law but I think it should be that if you fuck up the shot, you don't receive the penalty either. The only mitigating circumstance is Southgate could legitimately argue that Dumfries's challenge (which is adjudged to be a foul) has put Kane off, and made it harder for him to get the shot on target.
Ultimately, trying to develop written laws around something with so much going on like human movement or football team movement is always going to be a losing battle. Too many situations are subjective.